# Mu - 010vm.cc

      1 //: A Mu program is a book of 'recipes' (functions)
      2 :(before "End Globals")
      3 //: Each recipe is stored at a specific page number, or ordinal.
      4 map<recipe_ordinal, recipe> Recipe;
      5 //: You can also refer to each recipe by its name.
      6 map<string, recipe_ordinal> Recipe_ordinal;
      7 recipe_ordinal Next_recipe_ordinal = 1;
      8
      9 //: Ordinals are like numbers, except you can't do arithmetic on them. Ordinal
     10 //: 1 is not less than 2, it's just different. Phone numbers are ordinals;
     11 //: adding two phone numbers is meaningless. Here each recipe does something
     12 //: incommensurable with any other recipe.
     13 :(after "Types")
     14 typedef int recipe_ordinal;
     15
     16 :(before "End Types")
     17 // Recipes are lists of instructions. To perform or 'run' a recipe, the
     18 // computer runs its instructions.
     19 struct recipe {
     20   recipe_ordinal ordinal;
     21   string name;
     22   vector<instruction> steps;
     23   // End recipe Fields
     24   recipe();
     25 };
     26
     27 :(before "struct recipe")
     28 // Each instruction is either of the form:
     29 //   product1, product2, product3, ... <- operation ingredient1, ingredient2, ingredient3, ...
     30 // or just a single 'label' starting with a non-alphanumeric character
     31 //   +label
     32 // Labels don't do anything, they're just named locations in a recipe.
     33 struct instruction {
     34   bool is_label;
     35   string label;  // only if is_label
     36   string name;  // only if !is_label
     37   string original_string;  // for error messages
     38   recipe_ordinal operation;  // get(Recipe_ordinal, name)
     39   vector<reagent> ingredients;  // only if !is_label
     40   vector<reagent> products;  // only if !is_label
     41   // End instruction Fields
     42   instruction();
     43   void clear();
     44   bool is_empty();
     45 };
     46
     47 :(before "struct instruction")
     48 // Ingredients and products are a single species -- a reagent. Reagents refer
     49 // either to numbers or to locations in memory along with 'type' tags telling
     50 // us how to interpret them. They also can contain arbitrary other lists of
     51 // properties besides types, but we're getting ahead of ourselves.
     52 struct reagent {
     53   string original_string;
     54   string name;
     55   type_tree* type;
     56   vector<pair<string, string_tree*> > properties;  // can't be a map because the string_tree sometimes needs to be NULL, which can be confusing
     57   double value;
     58   bool initialized;
     59   // End reagent Fields
     60   reagent(const string& s);
     61   reagent() :type(NULL), value(0), initialized(false) {}
     62   reagent(type_tree* t) :type(t), value(0), initialized(false) {}
     63   ~reagent();
     64   void clear();
     65   reagent(const reagent& original);
     66   reagent& operator=(const reagent& original);
     67   void set_value(double v) { value = v;  initialized = true; }
     68 };
     69
     70 :(before "struct reagent")
     71 // Types can range from a simple type ordinal, to arbitrarily complex trees of
     72 // type parameters, like (map (address array character) (list number))
     73 struct type_tree {
     74   bool atom;
     75   string name;  // only if atom
     76   type_ordinal value;  // only if atom
     77   type_tree* left;  // only if !atom
     78   type_tree* right;  // only if !atom
     79   ~type_tree();
     80   type_tree(const type_tree& original);
     81   // atomic type ordinal
     82   explicit type_tree(string name);
     83   type_tree(string name, type_ordinal v) :atom(true), name(name), value(v), left(NULL), right(NULL) {}
     84   // tree of type ordinals
     85   type_tree(type_tree* l, type_tree* r) :atom(false), value(0), left(l), right(r) {}
     86   type_tree& operator=(const type_tree& original);
     87   bool operator==(const type_tree& other) const;
     88   bool operator!=(const type_tree& other) const { return !operator==(other); }
     89   bool operator<(const type_tree& other) const;
     90   bool operator>(const type_tree& other) const { return other.operator<(*this); }
     91 };
     92
     93 struct string_tree {
     94   bool atom;
     95   string value;  // only if atom
     96   string_tree* left;  // only if !atom
     97   string_tree* right;  // only if !atom
     98   ~string_tree();
     99   string_tree(const string_tree& original);
    100   // atomic string
    101   explicit string_tree(string v) :atom(true), value(v), left(NULL), right(NULL) {}
    102   // tree of strings
    103   string_tree(string_tree* l, string_tree* r) :atom(false), left(l), right(r) {}
    104 };
    105
    106 // End type_tree Definition
    107 :(code)
    108 type_tree::type_tree(string name) :atom(true), name(name), value(get(Type_ordinal, name)), left(NULL), right(NULL) {}
    109
    110 :(before "End Globals")
    111 // Locations refer to a common 'memory'. Each location can store a number.
    112 map<int, double> Memory;
    113 :(before "End Reset")
    114 Memory.clear();
    115
    116 :(after "Types")
    117 // Mu types encode how the numbers stored in different parts of memory are
    118 // interpreted. A location tagged as a 'character' type will interpret the
    119 // value 97 as the letter 'a', while a different location of type 'number'
    120 // would not.
    121 //
    122 // Unlike most computers today, Mu stores types in a single big table, shared
    123 // by all the Mu programs on the computer. This is useful in providing a
    124 // seamless experience to help understand arbitrary Mu programs.
    125 typedef int type_ordinal;
    126 :(before "End Globals")
    127 map<string, type_ordinal> Type_ordinal;
    128 map<type_ordinal, type_info> Type;
    129 type_ordinal Next_type_ordinal = 1;
    130 type_ordinal Number_type_ordinal = 0;
    131 type_ordinal Boolean_type_ordinal = 0;
    132 type_ordinal Character_type_ordinal = 0;
    133 type_ordinal Address_type_ordinal = 0;
    134 type_ordinal Array_type_ordinal = 0;
    135 :(code)
    136 void setup_types() {
    137   Type.clear();  Type_ordinal.clear();
    138   put(Type_ordinal, "literal", 0);
    139   Next_type_ordinal = 1;
    140   // Mu Types Initialization
    141   Number_type_ordinal = put(Type_ordinal, "number", Next_type_ordinal++);
    142   get_or_insert(Type, Number_type_ordinal).name = "number";
    143   put(Type_ordinal, "location", Number_type_ordinal);  // synonym of number for addresses we'll never look up
    144   Address_type_ordinal = put(Type_ordinal, "address", Next_type_ordinal++);
    145   get_or_insert(Type, Address_type_ordinal).name = "address";
    146   Boolean_type_ordinal = put(Type_ordinal, "boolean", Next_type_ordinal++);
    147   get_or_insert(Type, Boolean_type_ordinal).name = "boolean";
    148   Character_type_ordinal = put(Type_ordinal, "character", Next_type_ordinal++);
    149   get_or_insert(Type, Character_type_ordinal).name = "character";
    150   // Array types are a special modifier to any other type. For example,
    151   // array:number or array:address:boolean.
    152   Array_type_ordinal = put(Type_ordinal, "array", Next_type_ordinal++);
    153   get_or_insert(Type, Array_type_ordinal).name = "array";
    154   // End Mu Types Initialization
    155 }
    156 void teardown_types() {
    157   for (map<type_ordinal, type_info>::iterator p = Type.begin();  p != Type.end();  ++p) {
    158     for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(p->second.elements);  ++i)
    159       p->second.elements.clear();
    160   }
    161   Type_ordinal.clear();
    162 }
    163 :(before "End One-time Setup")
    164 setup_types();
    165 atexit(teardown_types);
    166
    167 :(before "End Types")
    168 // You can construct arbitrary new types. New types are either 'containers'
    169 // with multiple 'elements' of other types, or 'exclusive containers' containing
    170 // one of multiple 'variants'. (These are similar to C structs and unions,
    171 // respectively, though exclusive containers implicitly include a tag element
    172 // recording which variant they should be interpreted as.)
    173 //
    174 // For example, storing bank balance and name for an account might require a
    175 // container, but if bank accounts may be either for individuals or groups,
    176 // with different properties for each, that may require an exclusive container
    177 // whose variants are individual-account and joint-account containers.
    178 enum kind_of_type {
    179   PRIMITIVE,
    180   CONTAINER,
    181   EXCLUSIVE_CONTAINER
    182 };
    183
    184 struct type_info {
    185   string name;
    186   kind_of_type kind;
    187   vector<reagent> elements;
    188   // End type_info Fields
    189   type_info() :kind(PRIMITIVE) {
    190     // End type_info Constructor
    191   }
    192 };
    193
    194 enum primitive_recipes {
    195   IDLE = 0,
    196   COPY,
    197   // End Primitive Recipe Declarations
    198   MAX_PRIMITIVE_RECIPES,
    199 };
    200 :(code)
    201 //: It's all very well to construct recipes out of other recipes, but we need
    202 //: to know how to do *something* out of the box. For the following
    203 //: recipes there are only codes, no entries in the book, because Mu just knows
    204 //: what to do for them.
    205 void setup_recipes() {
    206   Recipe.clear();  Recipe_ordinal.clear();
    207   put(Recipe_ordinal, "idle", IDLE);
    208   // Primitive Recipe Numbers
    209   put(Recipe_ordinal, "copy", COPY);
    210   // End Primitive Recipe Numbers
    211 }
    212 //: We could just reset the recipe table after every test, but that gets slow
    213 //: all too quickly. Instead, initialize the common stuff just once at
    214 //: startup. Later layers will carefully undo each test's additions after
    215 //: itself.
    216 :(before "End One-time Setup")
    217 setup_recipes();
    218 assert(MAX_PRIMITIVE_RECIPES < 200);  // level 0 is primitives; until 199
    219 Next_recipe_ordinal = 200;
    220 put(Recipe_ordinal, "main", Next_recipe_ordinal++);
    221 // Load Mu Prelude
    222 // End Mu Prelude
    223 :(before "End Commandline Parsing")
    224 assert(Next_recipe_ordinal < 1000);  // recipes being tested didn't overflow into test space
    225 :(before "End Reset")
    226 Next_recipe_ordinal = 1000;  // consistent new numbers for each test
    227
    228 //: One final detail: tests can modify our global tables of recipes and types,
    229 //: so we need some way to clean up after each test is done so it doesn't
    230 //: influence later ones.
    231 :(before "End Globals")
    232 map<string, recipe_ordinal> Recipe_ordinal_snapshot;
    233 map<recipe_ordinal, recipe> Recipe_snapshot;
    234 map<string, type_ordinal> Type_ordinal_snapshot;
    235 map<type_ordinal, type_info> Type_snapshot;
    236 :(before "End One-time Setup")
    237 save_snapshots();
    238 :(before "End Reset")
    239 restore_snapshots();
    240
    241 :(code)
    242 void save_snapshots() {
    243   Recipe_ordinal_snapshot = Recipe_ordinal;
    244   Recipe_snapshot = Recipe;
    245   Type_ordinal_snapshot = Type_ordinal;
    246   Type_snapshot = Type;
    247   // End save_snapshots
    248 }
    249
    250 void restore_snapshots() {
    251   Recipe = Recipe_snapshot;
    252   Recipe_ordinal = Recipe_ordinal_snapshot;
    253   restore_non_recipe_snapshots();
    254 }
    255 // when running sandboxes in the edit/ app we'll want to restore everything except recipes defined in the app
    256 void restore_non_recipe_snapshots() {
    257   Type_ordinal = Type_ordinal_snapshot;
    258   Type = Type_snapshot;
    259   // End restore_snapshots
    260 }
    261
    262 //:: Helpers
    263
    264 :(code)
    265 recipe::recipe() {
    266   ordinal = -1;
    267   // End recipe Constructor
    268 }
    269
    270 instruction::instruction() :is_label(false), operation(IDLE) {
    271   // End instruction Constructor
    272 }
    273 void instruction::clear() {
    274   is_label=false;
    275   label.clear();
    276   name.clear();
    277   operation=IDLE;
    278   ingredients.clear();
    279   products.clear();
    280   original_string.clear();
    281   // End instruction Clear
    282 }
    283 bool instruction::is_empty() { return !is_label && name.empty(); }
    284
    285 // Reagents have the form <name>:<type>:<type>:.../<property>/<property>/...
    286 reagent::reagent(const string& s) :original_string(s), type(NULL), value(0), initialized(false) {
    287   // Parsing reagent(string s)
    288   istringstream in(s);
    289   in >> std::noskipws;
    290   // name and type
    291   istringstream first_row(slurp_until(in, '/'));
    292   first_row >> std::noskipws;
    293   name = slurp_until(first_row, ':');
    294   string_tree* type_names = parse_property_list(first_row);
    295   // End Parsing Reagent Type Property(type_names)
    296   type = new_type_tree(type_names);
    297   delete type_names;
    298   // special cases
    299   if (is_integer(name) && type == NULL)
    300     type = new type_tree("literal");
    301   if (name == "_" && type == NULL)
    302     type = new type_tree("literal");
    303   // other properties
    304   slurp_properties(in, properties);
    305   // End Parsing reagent
    306 }
    307
    308 void slurp_properties(istream& in, vector<pair<string, string_tree*> >& out) {
    309   while (has_data(in)) {
    310     istringstream row(slurp_until(in, '/'));
    311     row >> std::noskipws;
    312     string key = slurp_until(row, ':');
    313     string_tree* value = parse_property_list(row);
    314     out.push_back(pair<string, string_tree*>(key, value));
    315   }
    316 }
    317
    318 string_tree* parse_property_list(istream& in) {
    319   skip_whitespace_but_not_newline(in);
    320   if (!has_data(in)) return NULL;
    321   string_tree* first = new string_tree(slurp_until(in, ':'));
    322   if (!has_data(in)) return first;
    323   string_tree* rest = parse_property_list(in);
    324   if (!has_data(in) && rest->atom)
    325     return new string_tree(first, new string_tree(rest, NULL));
    326   return new string_tree(first, rest);
    327 }
    328 :(before "End Unit Tests")
    329 void test_parse_property_list_atom() {
    330   istringstream in("a");
    331   string_tree* x = parse_property_list(in);
    332   CHECK(x->atom);
    333   delete x;
    334 }
    335 void test_parse_property_list_list() {
    336   istringstream in("a:b");
    337   string_tree* x = parse_property_list(in);
    338   CHECK(!x->atom);
    339   CHECK(x->left->atom);
    340   CHECK_EQ(x->left->value, "a");
    341   CHECK(!x->right->atom);
    342   CHECK(x->right->left->atom);
    343   CHECK_EQ(x->right->left->value, "b");
    344   CHECK(x->right->right == NULL);
    345   delete x;
    346 }
    347
    348 :(code)
    349 type_tree* new_type_tree(const string_tree* properties) {
    350   if (!properties) return NULL;
    351   if (properties->atom) {
    352     const string& type_name = properties->value;
    353     int value = 0;
    354     if (contains_key(Type_ordinal, type_name))
    355       value = get(Type_ordinal, type_name);
    356     else if (is_integer(type_name))  // sometimes types will contain literal integers, like for the size of an array
    357       value = 0;
    358     else if (properties->value == "->")  // used in recipe types
    359       value = 0;
    360     else
    361       value = -1;  // should never happen; will trigger errors later
    362     return new type_tree(type_name, value);
    363   }
    364   return new type_tree(new_type_tree(properties->left),
    365                        new_type_tree(properties->right));
    366 }
    367
    368 //: avoid memory leaks for the type tree
    369
    370 reagent::reagent(const reagent& other) {
    371   original_string = other.original_string;
    372   name = other.name;
    373   value = other.value;
    374   initialized = other.initialized;
    375   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(other.properties);  ++i) {
    376     properties.push_back(pair<string, string_tree*>(other.properties.at(i).first, copy(other.properties.at(i).second)));
    377   }
    378   type = copy(other.type);
    379   // End reagent Copy Constructor
    380 }
    381
    382 type_tree::type_tree(const type_tree& original) {
    383   atom = original.atom;
    384   name = original.name;
    385   value = original.value;
    386   left = copy(original.left);
    387   right = copy(original.right);
    388 }
    389
    390 type_tree& type_tree::operator=(const type_tree& original) {
    391   atom = original.atom;
    392   name = original.name;
    393   value = original.value;
    394   if (left) delete left;
    395   left = copy(original.left);
    396   if (right) delete right;
    397   right = copy(original.right);
    398   return *this;
    399 }
    400
    401 bool type_tree::operator==(const type_tree& other) const {
    402   if (atom != other.atom) return false;
    403   if (atom)
    404     return name == other.name && value == other.value;
    405   return (left == other.left || *left == *other.left)
    406       && (right == other.right || *right == *other.right);
    407 }
    408
    409 // only constraint we care about: if a < b then !(b < a)
    410 bool type_tree::operator<(const type_tree& other) const {
    411   if (atom != other.atom) return atom > other.atom;  // atoms before non-atoms
    412   if (atom) return value < other.value;
    413   // first location in one that's missing in the other makes that side 'smaller'
    414   if (left && !other.left) return false;
    415   if (!left && other.left) return true;
    416   if (right && !other.right) return false;
    417   if (!right && other.right) return true;
    418   // now if either pointer is unequal neither side can be null
    419   // if one side is equal that's easy
    420   if (left == other.left || *left == *other.left) return right && *right < *other.right;
    421   if (right == other.right || *right == *other.right) return left && *left < *other.left;
    422   // if the two sides criss-cross, pick the side with the smaller lhs
    423   if ((left == other.right || *left == *other.right)
    424       && (right == other.left || *right == *other.left))
    425     return *left < *other.left;
    426   // now the hard case: both sides are not equal
    427   // make sure we stay consistent between (a < b) and (b < a)
    428   // just return the side with the smallest of the 4 branches
    429   if (*left < *other.left && *left < *other.right) return true;
    430   if (*right < *other.left && *right < *other.right) return true;
    431   return false;
    432 }
    433 :(before "End Unit Tests")
    434 // These unit tests don't always use valid types.
    435 void test_compare_atom_types() {
    436   reagent a("a:address"), b("b:boolean");
    437   CHECK(*a.type < *b.type);
    438   CHECK(!(*b.type < *a.type));
    439 }
    440 void test_compare_equal_atom_types() {
    441   reagent a("a:address"), b("b:address");
    442   CHECK(!(*a.type < *b.type));
    443   CHECK(!(*b.type < *a.type));
    444 }
    445 void test_compare_atom_with_non_atom() {
    446   reagent a("a:address:number"), b("b:boolean");
    447   CHECK(!(*a.type < *b.type));
    448   CHECK(*b.type < *a.type);
    449 }
    450 void test_compare_lists_with_identical_structure() {
    451   reagent a("a:address:address"), b("b:address:boolean");
    452   CHECK(*a.type < *b.type);
    453   CHECK(!(*b.type < *a.type));
    454 }
    455 void test_compare_identical_lists() {
    456   reagent a("a:address:boolean"), b("b:address:boolean");
    457   CHECK(!(*a.type < *b.type));
    458   CHECK(!(*b.type < *a.type));
    459 }
    460 void test_compare_list_with_extra_element() {
    461   reagent a("a:address:address"), b("b:address:address:number");
    462   CHECK(*a.type < *b.type);
    463   CHECK(!(*b.type < *a.type));
    464 }
    465 void test_compare_list_with_smaller_left_but_larger_right() {
    466   reagent a("a:number:character"), b("b:boolean:array");
    467   CHECK(*a.type < *b.type);
    468   CHECK(!(*b.type < *a.type));
    469 }
    470 void test_compare_list_with_smaller_left_but_larger_right_identical_types() {
    471   reagent a("a:address:boolean"), b("b:boolean:address");
    472   CHECK(*a.type < *b.type);
    473   CHECK(!(*b.type < *a.type));
    474 }
    475
    476 :(code)
    477 string_tree::string_tree(const string_tree& original) {
    478   atom = original.atom;
    479   value = original.value;
    480   left = copy(original.left);
    481   right = copy(original.right);
    482 }
    483
    484 reagent& reagent::operator=(const reagent& other) {
    485   original_string = other.original_string;
    486   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(properties);  ++i)
    487     if (properties.at(i).second) delete properties.at(i).second;
    488   properties.clear();
    489   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(other.properties);  ++i)
    490     properties.push_back(pair<string, string_tree*>(other.properties.at(i).first, copy(other.properties.at(i).second)));
    491   name = other.name;
    492   value = other.value;
    493   initialized = other.initialized;
    494   if (type) delete type;
    495   type = copy(other.type);
    496   // End reagent Copy Operator
    497   return *this;
    498 }
    499
    500 reagent::~reagent() {
    501   clear();
    502 }
    503
    504 void reagent::clear() {
    505   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(properties);  ++i) {
    506     if (properties.at(i).second) {
    507       delete properties.at(i).second;
    508       properties.at(i).second = NULL;
    509     }
    510   }
    511   delete type;
    512   type = NULL;
    513 }
    514 type_tree::~type_tree() {
    515   delete left;
    516   delete right;
    517 }
    518 string_tree::~string_tree() {
    519   delete left;
    520   delete right;
    521 }
    522
    523 void append(type_tree*& base, type_tree* extra) {
    524   if (!base) {
    525     base = extra;
    526     return;
    527   }
    528   type_tree* curr = base;
    529   while (curr->right) curr = curr->right;
    530   curr->right = extra;
    531 }
    532
    533 void append(string_tree*& base, string_tree* extra) {
    534   if (!base) {
    535     base = extra;
    536     return;
    537   }
    538   string_tree* curr = base;
    539   while (curr->right) curr = curr->right;
    540   curr->right = extra;
    541 }
    542
    543 string slurp_until(istream& in, char delim) {
    544   ostringstream out;
    545   char c;
    546   while (in >> c) {
    547     if (c == delim) {
    548       // drop the delim
    549       break;
    550     }
    551     out << c;
    552   }
    553   return out.str();
    554 }
    555
    556 bool has_property(const reagent& x, const string& name) {
    557   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(x.properties);  ++i) {
    558     if (x.properties.at(i).first == name) return true;
    559   }
    560   return false;
    561 }
    562
    563 string_tree* property(const reagent& r, const string& name) {
    564   for (int p = 0;  p != SIZE(r.properties);  ++p) {
    565     if (r.properties.at(p).first == name)
    566       return r.properties.at(p).second;
    567   }
    568   return NULL;
    569 }
    570
    571 string_tree* copy(const string_tree* x) {
    572   if (x == NULL) return NULL;
    573   return new string_tree(*x);
    574 }
    575
    576 type_tree* copy(const type_tree* x) {
    577   if (x == NULL) return NULL;
    578   return new type_tree(*x);
    579 }
    580
    581 :(before "End Globals")
    582 extern const string Ignore(",");  // commas are ignored in Mu except within [] strings
    583 :(code)
    584 void skip_whitespace_but_not_newline(istream& in) {
    585   while (true) {
    586     if (!has_data(in)) break;
    587     else if (in.peek() == '\n') break;
    588     else if (isspace(in.peek())) in.get();
    589     else if (Ignore.find(in.peek()) != string::npos) in.get();
    590     else break;
    591   }
    592 }
    593
    594 void dump_memory() {
    595   for (map<int, double>::iterator p = Memory.begin();  p != Memory.end();  ++p) {
    596     cerr << p->first << ": " << no_scientific(p->second) << '\n';
    597   }
    598 }
    599
    600 //:: Helpers for converting various values to string
    601 //: Use to_string() in trace(), and try to keep it stable from run to run.
    602 //: Use debug_string() while debugging, and throw everything into it.
    603 //: Use inspect() only for emitting a canonical format that can be parsed back
    604 //: into the value.
    605
    606 string to_string(const recipe& r) {
    607   ostringstream out;
    608   out << "recipe " << r.name << " [\n";
    609   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(r.steps);  ++i)
    610     out << "  " << to_string(r.steps.at(i)) << '\n';
    611   out << "]\n";
    612   return out.str();
    613 }
    614
    615 string to_original_string(const recipe& r) {
    616   ostringstream out;
    617   out << "recipe " << r.name << " [\n";
    618   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(r.steps);  ++i)
    619     out << "  " << to_original_string(r.steps.at(i)) << '\n';
    620   out << "]\n";
    621   return out.str();
    622 }
    623
    624 string debug_string(const recipe& x) {
    625   ostringstream out;
    626   out << "- recipe " << x.name << '\n';
    627   // Begin debug_string(recipe x)
    628   for (int index = 0;  index < SIZE(x.steps);  ++index) {
    629     const instruction& inst = x.steps.at(index);
    630     out << "inst: " << to_string(inst) << '\n';
    631     out << "  ingredients\n";
    632     for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(inst.ingredients);  ++i)
    633       out << "    " << debug_string(inst.ingredients.at(i)) << '\n';
    634     out << "  products\n";
    635     for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(inst.products);  ++i)
    636       out << "    " << debug_string(inst.products.at(i)) << '\n';
    637   }
    638   return out.str();
    639 }
    640
    641 string to_original_string(const instruction& inst) {
    642   if (inst.is_label) return inst.label;
    643   if (!inst.original_string.empty()) return inst.original_string;
    644   ostringstream out;
    645   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(inst.products);  ++i) {
    646     if (i > 0) out << ", ";
    647     out << inst.products.at(i).original_string;
    648   }
    649   if (!inst.products.empty()) out << " <- ";
    650   out << inst.name;
    651   if (!inst.ingredients.empty()) out << ' ';
    652   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(inst.ingredients);  ++i) {
    653     if (i > 0) out << ", ";
    654     out << inst.ingredients.at(i).original_string;
    655   }
    656   return out.str();
    657 }
    658
    659 string to_string(const instruction& inst) {
    660   if (inst.is_label) return inst.label;
    661   ostringstream out;
    662   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(inst.products);  ++i) {
    663     if (i > 0) out << ", ";
    664     out << to_string(inst.products.at(i));
    665   }
    666   if (!inst.products.empty()) out << " <- ";
    667   out << inst.name << ' ';
    668   for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(inst.ingredients);  ++i) {
    669     if (i > 0) out << ", ";
    670     out << to_string(inst.ingredients.at(i));
    671   }
    672   return out.str();
    673 }
    674
    675 string to_string(const reagent& r) {
    676   if (is_dummy(r)) return "_";
    677   ostringstream out;
    678   out << "{";
    679   out << r.name << ": " << names_to_string(r.type);
    680   if (!r.properties.empty()) {
    681     for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(r.properties);  ++i)
    682       out << ", \"" << r.properties.at(i).first << "\": " << to_string(r.properties.at(i).second);
    683   }
    684   out << "}";
    685   return out.str();
    686 }
    687
    688 // special name for ignoring some products
    689 bool is_dummy(const reagent& x) {
    690   return x.name == "_";
    691 }
    692
    693 string debug_string(const reagent& x) {
    694   ostringstream out;
    695   out << x.name << ": " << x.value << ' ' << to_string(x.type) << " -- " << to_string(x);
    696   return out.str();
    697 }
    698
    699 string to_string(const string_tree* property) {
    700   if (!property) return "()";
    701   ostringstream out;
    702   dump(property, out);
    703   return out.str();
    704 }
    705
    706 void dump(const string_tree* x, ostream& out) {
    707   if (!x) return;
    708   if (x->atom) {
    709     out << '"' << x->value << '"';
    710     return;
    711   }
    712   out << '(';
    713   const string_tree* curr = x;
    714   while (curr && !curr->atom) {
    715     dump(curr->left, out);
    716     if (curr->right) out << ' ';
    717     curr = curr->right;
    718   }
    719   // check for dotted list; should never happen
    720   if (curr) {
    721     out << ". ";
    722     dump(curr, out);
    723   }
    724   out << ')';
    725 }
    726
    727 string to_string(const type_tree* type) {
    728   if (type == NULL) return "()";
    729   ostringstream out;
    730   dump(type, out);
    731   return out.str();
    732 }
    733
    734 void dump(const type_tree* x, ostream& out) {
    735   if (!x) return;
    736   if (x->atom) {
    737     dump(x->value, out);
    738     return;
    739   }
    740   out << '(';
    741   const type_tree* curr = x;
    742   while (curr && !curr->atom) {
    743     dump(curr->left, out);
    744     if (curr->right) out << ' ';
    745     curr = curr->right;
    746   }
    747   // check for dotted list; should never happen
    748   if (curr) {
    749     out << ". ";
    750     dump(curr, out);
    751   }
    752   out << ')';
    753 }
    754
    755 void dump(type_ordinal type, ostream& out) {
    756   if (contains_key(Type, type))
    757     out << get(Type, type).name;
    758   else
    759     out << "?" << type;
    760 }
    761
    762 string names_to_string(const type_tree* type) {
    763   if (type == NULL) return "()";  // should never happen
    764   ostringstream out;
    765   dump_names(type, out);
    766   return out.str();
    767 }
    768
    769 void dump_names(const type_tree* x, ostream& out) {
    770   if (!x) return;
    771   if (x->atom) {
    772     out << '"' << x->name << '"';
    773     return;
    774   }
    775   out << '(';
    776   const type_tree* curr = x;
    777   while (curr && !curr->atom) {
    778     dump_names(curr->left, out);
    779     if (curr->right) out << ' ';
    780     curr = curr->right;
    781   }
    782   // check for dotted list; should never happen
    783   if (curr) {
    784     out << ". ";
    785     dump_names(curr, out);
    786   }
    787   out << ')';
    788 }
    789
    790 string names_to_string_without_quotes(const type_tree* type) {
    791   if (type == NULL) return "()";
    792   ostringstream out;
    793   dump_names_without_quotes(type, out);
    794   return out.str();
    795 }
    796
    797 void dump_names_without_quotes(const type_tree* x, ostream& out) {
    798   if (!x) return;
    799   if (x->atom) {
    800     out << x->name;
    801     return;
    802   }
    803   out << '(';
    804   const type_tree* curr = x;
    805   while (curr && !curr->atom) {
    806     dump_names_without_quotes(curr->left, out);
    807     if (curr->right) out << ' ';
    808     curr = curr->right;
    809   }
    810   // check for dotted list; should never happen
    811   if (curr) {
    812     out << ". ";
    813     dump_names_without_quotes(curr, out);
    814   }
    815   out << ')';
    816 }
    817
    818 bool is_integer(const string& s) {
    819   return s.find_first_not_of("0123456789-") == string::npos  // no other characters
    820       && s.find_first_of("0123456789") != string::npos  // at least one digit
    821       && s.find('-', 1) == string::npos;  // '-' only at first position
    822 }
    823
    824 int to_integer(string n) {
    825   char* end = NULL;
    826   // safe because string.c_str() is guaranteed to be null-terminated
    827   int result = strtoll(n.c_str(), &end, /*any base*/0);
    828   if (*end != '\0') cerr << "tried to convert " << n << " to number\n";
    829   assert(*end == '\0');
    830   return result;
    831 }
    832
    833 void test_is_integer() {
    834   CHECK(is_integer("1234"));
    835   CHECK(is_integer("-1"));
    836   CHECK(!is_integer("234.0"));
    837   CHECK(is_integer("-567"));
    838   CHECK(!is_integer("89-0"));
    839   CHECK(!is_integer("-"));
    840   CHECK(!is_integer("1e3"));  // not supported
    841 }
    842
    843 //: helper to print numbers without excessive precision
    844
    845 :(before "End Types")
    846 struct no_scientific {
    847   double x;
    848   explicit no_scientific(double y) :x(y) {}
    849 };
    850
    851 :(code)
    852 ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, no_scientific x) {
    853   if (!isfinite(x.x)) {
    854     // Infinity or NaN
    855     os << x.x;
    856     return os;
    857   }
    858   ostringstream tmp;
    859   // more accurate, but too slow
    860 //?   tmp.precision(308);  // for 64-bit numbers
    861   tmp << std::fixed << x.x;
    862   os << trim_floating_point(tmp.str());
    863   return os;
    864 }
    865
    866 string trim_floating_point(const string& in) {
    867   if (in.empty()) return "";
    868   if (in.find('.') == string::npos) return in;
    869   int length = SIZE(in);
    870   while (length > 1) {
    871     if (in.at(length-1) != '0') break;
    872     --length;
    873   }
    874   if (in.at(length-1) == '.') --length;
    875   if (length == 0) return "0";
    876   return in.substr(0, length);
    877 }
    878
    879 void test_trim_floating_point() {
    880   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point(""), "");
    881   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point(".0"), "0");
    882   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("1.5000"), "1.5");
    883   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("1.000001"), "1.000001");
    884   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("23.000000"), "23");
    885   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("23.0"), "23");
    886   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("23."), "23");
    887   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("23"), "23");
    888   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("230"), "230");
    889   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("3.000000"), "3");
    890   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("3.0"), "3");
    891   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("3."), "3");
    892   CHECK_EQ(trim_floating_point("3"), "3");
    893 }
    894
    895 :(before "End Includes")
    896 #include <map>
    897 using std::map;
    898 #include <utility>
    899 using std::pair;
    900 #include <math.h>