# A sketch of Mu-style handles or kinda-safe pointers, that add a modicum of # checking to dynamically allocated memory. # # This approach avoids using 'allocate' directly in favor of two primitives: # - 'new', which allocates some space (the 'payload'), stores the address # along with an opaque 'alloc id' in a 'handle', and prepends the same # alloc id to the payload. # - 'lookup', which checks that the alloc id at the start of a handle matches # the alloc id at the start of the payload before returning the address. # # Layout of a handle: # offset 0: alloc id # offset 4: address # # To run (from the subx directory): # $ ./subx translate *.subx apps/handle.subx -o apps/handle # $ ./subx run apps/handle # Expected result is a successful lookup followed by a hard abort: # lookup succeeded # lookup failed # (This file is a prototype. The 'tests' in it aren't real; failures are # expected.) == code # instruction effective address register displacement immediate # . op subop mod rm32 base index scale r32 # . 1-3 bytes 3 bits 2 bits 3 bits 3 bits 3 bits 2 bits 2 bits 0/1/2/4 bytes 0/1/2/4 bytes # no Entry; the standard library runs all tests by default new: # ad : (address allocation-descriptor), n : int, out : (address handle) # . prolog 55/push-EBP 89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/EBP . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to EBP # . save registers 50/push-EAX 51/push-ECX 52/push-EDX # ECX = n+4 8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/EBP . . . 1/r32/ECX 0xc/disp8 . # copy *(EBP+12) to ECX 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ECX . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to ECX # EAX = allocate(ad, ECX) # . . push args 51/push-ECX ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/EBP . . . . 8/disp8 . # push *(EBP+8) # . . call e8/call allocate/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to ESP # EDX = out 8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/EBP . . . 2/r32/EDX 0x10/disp8 . # copy *(EBP+16) to EDX # out->address = EAX 89/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 2/rm32/EDX . . . 0/r32/EAX 4/disp8 . # copy EAX to *(EDX+4) # if (EAX == 0) out->alloc_id = 0, return 3d/compare-EAX-and 0/imm32 75/jump-if-not-equal $new:continue/disp8 c7 0/subop/copy 0/mod/indirect 2/rm32/EDX . . . . . 0/imm32 # copy to *EDX eb/jump $new:end/disp8 $new:continue: # otherwise: # ECX = *Next-alloc-id 8b/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . 1/r32/ECX Next-alloc-id/disp32 # copy *Next-alloc-id to ECX # *EAX = *Next-alloc-id/ECX 89/copy 0/mod/indirect 0/rm32/EAX . . . 1/r32/ECX . . # copy ECX to *EAX # out->alloc_id = *Next-alloc-id 89/copy 0/mod/indirect 2/rm32/EDX . . . 1/r32/ECX . . # copy ECX to *EDX # increment *Next-alloc-id ff 0/subop/increment 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Next-alloc-id/disp32 # increment *Next-alloc-id $new:end: # . restore registers 5a/pop-to-EDX 59/pop-to-ECX 58/pop-to-EAX # . epilog 89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . 5/r32/EBP . . # copy EBP to ESP 5d/pop-to-EBP c3/return test-new: # . prolog 55/push-EBP 89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/EBP . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to EBP # var heap/EDX : (address allocation-descriptor) = {0, 0} 68/push 0/imm32/limit 68/push 0/imm32/curr 89/copy 3/mod/direct 2/rm32/EDX . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to EDX # heap = new-segment(512) # . . push args 52/push-EDX 68/push 0x200/imm32 # . . call e8/call new-segment/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to ESP # *Next-alloc-id = 0x34 c7 0/subop/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Next-alloc-id/disp32 0x34/imm32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id # var handle/ECX = {0, 0} 68/push 0/imm32/address 68/push 0/imm32/alloc-id 89/copy 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ECX . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to ECX # new(heap, 2, handle/ECX) # . . push args 51/push-ECX 68/push 2/imm32/size 52/push-EDX # . . call e8/call new/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # check-ints-equal(handle->alloc_id, 0x34, msg) # . . push args 68/push "F - test-new: alloc id of handle"/imm32 68/push 0x34/imm32 ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 1/rm32/ECX . . . . . . # push *ECX # . . call e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # check-ints-equal(*handle->address, 0x34, msg) # . . push args 68/push "F - test-new: alloc id of payload"/imm32 68/push 0x34/imm32 8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 1/rm32/ECX . . . 2/r32/EDX 4/disp8 . # copy *(ECX+4) to EDX ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 2/rm32/EDX . . . . . . # push *EDX # . . call e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # check-ints-equal(*Next-alloc-id, 0x35) # . . push args 68/push "F - test-new: next alloc id"/imm32 68/push 0x35/imm32 ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Next-alloc-id/disp32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id # . . call e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # clean up # . *Next-alloc-id = 1 c7 0/subop/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Next-alloc-id/disp32 1/imm32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id # . epilog 89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . 5/r32/EBP . . # copy EBP to ESP 5d/pop-to-EBP c3/return _pending-test-new-failure: # . prolog 55/push-EBP 89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/EBP . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to EBP # . *Next-alloc-id = 0x34 c7 0/subop/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Next-alloc-id/disp32 0x34/imm32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id # define an allocation-descriptor with no space left # . var ad/EAX : (address allocation-descriptor) = {0x10, 0x10} 68/push 0x10/imm32/limit 68/push 0x10/imm32/curr 89/copy 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/EAX . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to EAX # . var handle/ECX = {random, random} 68/push 1234/imm32/address 68/push 5678/imm32/alloc-id 89/copy 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ECX . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to ECX # try to allocate # . new(ad, 2, handle/ECX) # . . push args 51/push-ECX 68/push 2/imm32/size 50/push-EAX # . . call e8/call new/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # handle should be cleared # . check-ints-equal(handle->alloc_id, 0, msg) # . . push args 68/push "F - test-new-failure: alloc id of handle"/imm32 68/push 0/imm32 ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 1/rm32/ECX . . . . . . # push *ECX # . . call e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # . check-ints-equal(handle->address, 0, msg) # . . push args 68/push "F - test-new-failure: address of handle"/imm32 68/push 0/imm32 ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 1/rm32/ECX . . . . 4/disp8 . # push *(ECX+4) # . . call e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # Next-alloc-id should be unmodified # . check-ints-equal(*Next-alloc-id, 0x34) # . . push args 68/push "F - test-new-failure: next alloc id"/imm32 68/push 0x34/imm32 ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Next-alloc-id/disp32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id # . . call e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # clean up # . *Next-alloc-id = 1 c7 0/subop/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Next-alloc-id/disp32 1/imm32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id # . epilog 89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . 5/r32/EBP . . # copy EBP to ESP 5d/pop-to-EBP c3/return lookup: # h : (handle T) -> EAX : (address T) # . prolog 55/push-EBP 89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/EBP . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to EBP # - as a proof of concept for future inlining, uses no general-purpose registers besides the output (EAX) # EAX = handle 8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/EBP . . . 0/r32/EAX 8/disp8 . # copy *(EBP+8) to EAX # - inline { # push handle->alloc_id ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 0/rm32/EAX . . . . . . # push *EAX # EAX = handle->address (payload) 8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 0/rm32/EAX . . . . 4/disp8 . # copy *(EAX+4) to EAX # push handle->address 50/push-EAX # EAX = payload->alloc_id 8b/copy 0/mod/indirect 0/rm32/EAX . . . . . . # copy *EAX to EAX # if (EAX != handle->alloc_id) abort 39/compare 1/mod/*+disp8 4/rm32/sib 4/base/ESP 4/index/none . 0/r32/EAX 4/disp8 . # compare *(ESP+4) and EAX 75/jump-if-not-equal $lookup:abort/disp8 # EAX = pop handle->address 58/pop-to-EAX # discard handle->alloc_id 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to ESP # add 4 05/add-to-EAX 4/imm32 # - } # - alternative consuming a second register { #? # ECX = handle->alloc_id #? 8b/copy 0/mod/indirect 0/rm32/EAX . . . 1/r32/ECX . . # copy *EAX to ECX #? # EAX = handle->address (payload) #? 8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 0/rm32/EAX . . . 0/r32/EAX 4/disp8 . # copy *(EAX+4) to EAX #? # if (ECX != *EAX) abort #? 39/compare 0/mod/indirect 0/rm32/EAX . . . 1/r32/ECX . . # compare *EAX and ECX #? 75/jump-if-not-equal $lookup:abort/disp8 #? # add 4 to EAX #? 05/add-to-EAX 4/imm32 # - } # . epilog 89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . 5/r32/EBP . . # copy EBP to ESP 5d/pop-to-EBP c3/return $lookup:abort: # . _write(2/stderr, msg) # . . push args 68/push "lookup failed\n"/imm32 68/push 2/imm32/stderr # . . call e8/call _write/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to ESP # . syscall(exit, 1) bb/copy-to-EBX 1/imm32/exit-status b8/copy-to-EAX 1/imm32/exit cd/syscall 0x80/imm8 test-lookup-success: # . prolog 55/push-EBP 89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/EBP . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to EBP # . save registers # var heap/EBX : (address allocation-descriptor) = {0, 0} 68/push 0/imm32/limit 68/push 0/imm32/curr 89/copy 3/mod/direct 3/rm32/EBX . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to EBX # heap = new-segment(512) # . . push args 53/push-EBX 68/push 0x200/imm32 # . . call e8/call new-segment/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to ESP # var handle/ECX = {0, 0} 68/push 0/imm32/address 68/push 0/imm32/alloc-id 89/copy 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ECX . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to ECX # var old_top/EDX = heap->curr 8b/copy 0/mod/indirect 3/rm32/EBX . . . 2/r32/EDX . . # copy *EBX to EDX # new(heap, 2, handle) # . . push args 51/push-ECX 68/push 2/imm32/size 53/push-EBX # . . call e8/call new/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # EAX = lookup(handle) # . . push args 51/push-ECX # . . call e8/call lookup/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to ESP # EAX contains old top of heap, except skipping the alloc id in the payload # . check-ints-equal(EAX, old_top+4, msg) # . . push args 68/push "F - test-lookup-success"/imm32 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 2/rm32/EDX . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to EDX 52/push-EDX 50/push-EAX # . . call e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # clean up # . *Next-alloc-id = 1 c7 0/subop/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Next-alloc-id/disp32 1/imm32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id # write(2/stderr, "lookup succeeded\n") # . . push args 68/push "lookup succeeded\n"/imm32 68/push 2/imm32/stderr # . . call e8/call write/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to ESP # . restore registers 5a/pop-to-EDX 59/pop-to-ECX # . epilog 89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . 5/r32/EBP . . # copy EBP to ESP 5d/pop-to-EBP c3/return test-lookup-failure: # . prolog 55/push-EBP 89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/EBP . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to EBP # var heap/ESI : (address allocation-descriptor) = {0, 0} 68/push 0/imm32/limit 68/push 0/imm32/curr 89/copy 3/mod/direct 6/rm32/ESI . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to ESI # heap = new-segment(512) # . . push args 56/push-ESI 68/push 0x200/imm32 # . . call e8/call new-segment/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to ESP # var h1/ECX = {0, 0} 68/push 0/imm32/address 68/push 0/imm32/alloc-id 89/copy 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ECX . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to ECX # var old_top/EBX = heap->curr 8b/copy 0/mod/indirect 6/rm32/ESI . . . 3/r32/EBX . . # copy *ESI to EBX # first allocation, to h1 # . new(heap, 2, h1) # . . push args 51/push-ECX 68/push 2/imm32/size 56/push-ESI # . . call e8/call new/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # reset heap->curr to mimic reclamation 89/copy 0/mod/indirect 6/rm32/ESI . . . 3/r32/EBX . . # copy EBX to *ESI # second allocation that returns the same address as the first # var h2/EDX = {0, 0} 68/push 0/imm32/address 68/push 0/imm32/alloc-id 89/copy 3/mod/direct 2/rm32/EDX . . . 4/r32/ESP . . # copy ESP to EDX # . new(heap, 2, h2) # . . push args 52/push-EDX 68/push 2/imm32/size 56/push-ESI # . . call e8/call new/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # check-ints-equal(h1->address, h2->address, msg) # . . push args 68/push "F - test-lookup-failure"/imm32 ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 2/rm32/ECX . . . . 4/disp8 . # push *(EDX+4) ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 1/rm32/ECX . . . . 4/disp8 . # push *(ECX+4) # . . call e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32 # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to ESP # lookup(h1) should crash # . . push args 51/push-ECX # . . call e8/call lookup/disp32 # should never get past this point # . . discard args 81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . . . 4/imm32 # add to ESP # clean up # . *Next-alloc-id = 1 c7 0/subop/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Next-alloc-id/disp32 1/imm32 # copy to *Next-alloc-id # . epilog 89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/ESP . . . 5/r32/EBP . . # copy EBP to ESP 5d/pop-to-EBP c3/return == data # Monotonically increasing counter for calls to 'new' Next-alloc-id: 1/imm32 # . . vim:nowrap:textwidth=0