mu/mu_summary

Mu programs are lists of functions. Each function has the following form:

  fn _name_ _inouts_with_types_ -> _outputs_with_types_ {
    _instructions_
  }

Instructions may be primitives or function calls. Either way, all instructions
have one of the following forms:

  # defining variables
  var _name_: _type_
  var _name_/_register_: _type_

  # doing things with variables
  _operation_ _inouts_
  _outputs_ <- _operation_ _inouts_

Instructions and functions may have inouts and outputs. Both inouts and
outputs are variables.

As seen above, variables can be defined to live in a register, like this:

  n/eax

Variables not assigned a register live in the stack.

Function inouts must always be on the stack, and outputs must always be in
registers. A function call must always write to the exact registers its
definition requires. For example:

  fn foo -> x/eax: int {
    ...
  }
  fn main {
    a/eax <- foo  # ok
    a/ebx <- foo  # wrong
  }

Primitive inouts may be on the stack or in registers, but outputs must always
be in registers.

Functions can contain nested blocks inside { and }. Variables defined in a
block don't exist outside it.

## Primitive instructions

Primitive instructions currently supported in Mu:

  var/eax <- increment
  var/ecx <- increment
  var/edx <- increment
  var/ebx <- increment
  var/esi <- increment
  var/edi <- increment
  increment var

  var/eax <- decrement
  var/ecx <- decrement
  var/edx <- decrement
  var/ebx <- decrement
  var/esi <- decrement
  var/edi <- decrement
  decrement var

  var1/reg1 <- add var2/reg2
  var/reg <- add var2
  add-to var1, var2/reg
  var/eax <- add n
  var/reg <- add n
  add-to var, n

  var1/reg1 <- sub var2/reg2
  var/reg <- sub var2
  sub-from var1, var2/reg
  var/eax <- sub n
  var/reg <- sub n
  sub-from var, n

  var1/reg1 <- and var2/reg2
  var/reg <- and var2
  and-with var1, var2/reg
  var/eax <- and n
  var/reg <- and n
  and-with var, n

  var1/reg1 <- or var2/reg2
  var/reg <- or var2
  or-with var1, var2/reg
  var/eax <- or n
  var/reg <- or n
  or-with var, n

  var1/reg1 <- xor var2/reg2
  var/reg <- xor var2
  xor-with var1, var2/reg
  var/eax <- xor n
  var/reg <- xor n
  xor-with var, n

  var/eax <- copy n
  var/ecx <- copy n
  var/edx <- copy n
  var/ebx <- copy n
  var/esi <- copy n
  var/edi <- copy n
  var1/reg1 <- copy var2/reg2
  copy-to var1, var2/reg
  var/reg <- copy var2
  var/reg <- copy n
  copy-to var, n

  compare var1, var2/reg
  compare var1/reg, var2
  compare var/eax, n
  compare var, n

  var/reg <- multiply var2

## Primitive jump instructions

There are two kinds of jumps, both with many variations: `break` and `loop`.
`break` instructions jump to the end of the containing block. `loop` instructions
jump to the beginning of the containing block.

Jumps can take an optional label starting with '$':

  loop $foo

This instruction jumps to the beginning of the block called $foo. It must lie
somewhere inside such a box. Jumps are only legal to containing blocks.

There are two unconditional jumps:

  loop
  loop label
  # unconditional break instructions don't seem useful

The remaining jump instructions are all conditional. Conditional jumps rely on
the result of the most recently executed `compare` instruction. (To keep
programs easy to read, keep compare instructions close to the jump that uses
them.)

  break-if-=
  break-if-= label
  break-if-!=
  break-if-!= label

Inequalities are similar, but have unsigned and signed variants. We assume
unsigned variants are only ever used to compare addresses.

  break-if-<
  break-if-< label
  break-if->
  break-if-> label
  break-if-<=
  break-if-<= label
  break-if->=
  break-if->= label

  break-if-addr<
  break-if-addr< label
  break-if-addr>
  break-if-addr> label
  break-if-addr<=
  break-if-addr<= label
  break-if-addr>=
  break-if-addr>= label

Similarly, conditional loops:

  loop-if-=
  loop-if-= label
  loop-if-!=
  loop-if-!= label

  loop-if-<
  loop-if-< label
  loop-if->
  loop-if-> label
  loop-if-<=
  loop-if-<= label
  loop-if->=
  loop-if->= label

  loop-if-addr<
  loop-if-addr< label
  loop-if-addr>
  loop-if-addr> label
  loop-if-addr<=
  loop-if-addr<= label
  loop-if-addr>=
  loop-if-addr>= label