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new fork of Lua 5.1 

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Lua License
-----------
Lua is licensed under the terms of the MIT license reproduced below.
This means that Lua is free software and can be used for both academic
and commercial purposes at absolutely no cost.
For details and rationale, see http://www.lua.org/license.html .
===============================================================================
Copyright (C) 1994-2012 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
===============================================================================

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HISTORY for Lua 5.1
* Changes from version 5.0 to 5.1
-------------------------------
Language:
+ new module system.
+ new semantics for control variables of fors.
+ new semantics for setn/getn.
+ new syntax/semantics for varargs.
+ new long strings and comments.
+ new `mod' operator (`%')
+ new length operator #t
+ metatables for all types
API:
+ new functions: lua_createtable, lua_get(set)field, lua_push(to)integer.
+ user supplies memory allocator (lua_open becomes lua_newstate).
+ luaopen_* functions must be called through Lua.
Implementation:
+ new configuration scheme via luaconf.h.
+ incremental garbage collection.
+ better handling of end-of-line in the lexer.
+ fully reentrant parser (new Lua function `load')
+ better support for 64-bit machines.
+ native loadlib support for Mac OS X.
+ standard distribution in only one library (lualib.a merged into lua.a)
* Changes from version 4.0 to 5.0
-------------------------------
Language:
+ lexical scoping.
+ Lua coroutines.
+ standard libraries now packaged in tables.
+ tags replaced by metatables and tag methods replaced by metamethods,
stored in metatables.
+ proper tail calls.
+ each function can have its own global table, which can be shared.
+ new __newindex metamethod, called when we insert a new key into a table.
+ new block comments: --[[ ... ]].
+ new generic for.
+ new weak tables.
+ new boolean type.
+ new syntax "local function".
+ (f()) returns the first value returned by f.
+ {f()} fills a table with all values returned by f.
+ \n ignored in [[\n .
+ fixed and-or priorities.
+ more general syntax for function definition (e.g. function a.x.y:f()...end).
+ more general syntax for function calls (e.g. (print or write)(9)).
+ new functions (time/date, tmpfile, unpack, require, load*, etc.).
API:
+ chunks are loaded by using lua_load; new luaL_loadfile and luaL_loadbuffer.
+ introduced lightweight userdata, a simple "void*" without a metatable.
+ new error handling protocol: the core no longer prints error messages;
all errors are reported to the caller on the stack.
+ new lua_atpanic for host cleanup.
+ new, signal-safe, hook scheme.
Implementation:
+ new license: MIT.
+ new, faster, register-based virtual machine.
+ support for external multithreading and coroutines.
+ new and consistent error message format.
+ the core no longer needs "stdio.h" for anything (except for a single
use of sprintf to convert numbers to strings).
+ lua.c now runs the environment variable LUA_INIT, if present. It can
be "@filename", to run a file, or the chunk itself.
+ support for user extensions in lua.c.
sample implementation given for command line editing.
+ new dynamic loading library, active by default on several platforms.
+ safe garbage-collector metamethods.
+ precompiled bytecodes checked for integrity (secure binary dostring).
+ strings are fully aligned.
+ position capture in string.find.
+ read('*l') can read lines with embedded zeros.
* Changes from version 3.2 to 4.0
-------------------------------
Language:
+ new "break" and "for" statements (both numerical and for tables).
+ uniform treatment of globals: globals are now stored in a Lua table.
+ improved error messages.
+ no more '$debug': full speed *and* full debug information.
+ new read form: read(N) for next N bytes.
+ general read patterns now deprecated.
(still available with -DCOMPAT_READPATTERNS.)
+ all return values are passed as arguments for the last function
(old semantics still available with -DLUA_COMPAT_ARGRET)
+ garbage collection tag methods for tables now deprecated.
+ there is now only one tag method for order.
API:
+ New API: fully re-entrant, simpler, and more efficient.
+ New debug API.
Implementation:
+ faster than ever: cleaner virtual machine and new hashing algorithm.
+ non-recursive garbage-collector algorithm.
+ reduced memory usage for programs with many strings.
+ improved treatment for memory allocation errors.
+ improved support for 16-bit machines (we hope).
+ code now compiles unmodified as both ANSI C and C++.
+ numbers in bases other than 10 are converted using strtoul.
+ new -f option in Lua to support #! scripts.
+ luac can now combine text and binaries.
* Changes from version 3.1 to 3.2
-------------------------------
+ redirected all output in Lua's core to _ERRORMESSAGE and _ALERT.
+ increased limit on the number of constants and globals per function
(from 2^16 to 2^24).
+ debugging info (lua_debug and hooks) moved into lua_state and new API
functions provided to get and set this info.
+ new debug lib gives full debugging access within Lua.
+ new table functions "foreachi", "sort", "tinsert", "tremove", "getn".
+ new io functions "flush", "seek".
* Changes from version 3.0 to 3.1
-------------------------------
+ NEW FEATURE: anonymous functions with closures (via "upvalues").
+ new syntax:
- local variables in chunks.
- better scope control with DO block END.
- constructors can now be also written: { record-part; list-part }.
- more general syntax for function calls and lvalues, e.g.:
f(x).y=1
o:f(x,y):g(z)
f"string" is sugar for f("string")
+ strings may now contain arbitrary binary data (e.g., embedded zeros).
+ major code re-organization and clean-up; reduced module interdependecies.
+ no arbitrary limits on the total number of constants and globals.
+ support for multiple global contexts.
+ better syntax error messages.
+ new traversal functions "foreach" and "foreachvar".
+ the default for numbers is now double.
changing it to use floats or longs is easy.
+ complete debug information stored in pre-compiled chunks.
+ sample interpreter now prompts user when run interactively, and also
handles control-C interruptions gracefully.
* Changes from version 2.5 to 3.0
-------------------------------
+ NEW CONCEPT: "tag methods".
Tag methods replace fallbacks as the meta-mechanism for extending the
semantics of Lua. Whereas fallbacks had a global nature, tag methods
work on objects having the same tag (e.g., groups of tables).
Existing code that uses fallbacks should work without change.
+ new, general syntax for constructors {[exp] = exp, ... }.
+ support for handling variable number of arguments in functions (varargs).
+ support for conditional compilation ($if ... $else ... $end).
+ cleaner semantics in API simplifies host code.
+ better support for writing libraries (auxlib.h).
+ better type checking and error messages in the standard library.
+ luac can now also undump.
* Changes from version 2.4 to 2.5
-------------------------------
+ io and string libraries are now based on pattern matching;
the old libraries are still available for compatibility
+ dofile and dostring can now return values (via return statement)
+ better support for 16- and 64-bit machines
+ expanded documentation, with more examples
* Changes from version 2.2 to 2.4
-------------------------------
+ external compiler creates portable binary files that can be loaded faster
+ interface for debugging and profiling
+ new "getglobal" fallback
+ new functions for handling references to Lua objects
+ new functions in standard lib
+ only one copy of each string is stored
+ expanded documentation, with more examples
* Changes from version 2.1 to 2.2
-------------------------------
+ functions now may be declared with any "lvalue" as a name
+ garbage collection of functions
+ support for pipes
* Changes from version 1.1 to 2.1
-------------------------------
+ object-oriented support
+ fallbacks
+ simplified syntax for tables
+ many internal improvements
(end of HISTORY)

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INSTALL for Lua 5.1
* Building Lua
------------
Lua is built in the src directory, but the build process can be
controlled from the top-level Makefile.
Building Lua on Unix systems should be very easy. First do "make" and
see if your platform is listed. If so, just do "make xxx", where xxx
is your platform name. The platforms currently supported are:
aix ansi bsd freebsd generic linux macosx mingw posix solaris
If your platform is not listed, try the closest one or posix, generic,
ansi, in this order.
See below for customization instructions and for instructions on how
to build with other Windows compilers.
If you want to check that Lua has been built correctly, do "make test"
after building Lua. Also, have a look at the example programs in test.
* Installing Lua
--------------
Once you have built Lua, you may want to install it in an official
place in your system. In this case, do "make install". The official
place and the way to install files are defined in Makefile. You must
have the right permissions to install files.
If you want to build and install Lua in one step, do "make xxx install",
where xxx is your platform name.
If you want to install Lua locally, then do "make local". This will
create directories bin, include, lib, man, and install Lua there as
follows:
bin: lua luac
include: lua.h luaconf.h lualib.h lauxlib.h lua.hpp
lib: liblua.a
man/man1: lua.1 luac.1
These are the only directories you need for development.
There are man pages for lua and luac, in both nroff and html, and a
reference manual in html in doc, some sample code in test, and some
useful stuff in etc. You don't need these directories for development.
If you want to install Lua locally, but in some other directory, do
"make install INSTALL_TOP=xxx", where xxx is your chosen directory.
See below for instructions for Windows and other systems.
* Customization
-------------
Three things can be customized by editing a file:
- Where and how to install Lua -- edit Makefile.
- How to build Lua -- edit src/Makefile.
- Lua features -- edit src/luaconf.h.
You don't actually need to edit the Makefiles because you may set the
relevant variables when invoking make.
On the other hand, if you need to select some Lua features, you'll need
to edit src/luaconf.h. The edited file will be the one installed, and
it will be used by any Lua clients that you build, to ensure consistency.
We strongly recommend that you enable dynamic loading. This is done
automatically for all platforms listed above that have this feature
(and also Windows). See src/luaconf.h and also src/Makefile.
* Building Lua on Windows and other systems
-----------------------------------------
If you're not using the usual Unix tools, then the instructions for
building Lua depend on the compiler you use. You'll need to create
projects (or whatever your compiler uses) for building the library,
the interpreter, and the compiler, as follows:
library: lapi.c lcode.c ldebug.c ldo.c ldump.c lfunc.c lgc.c llex.c
lmem.c lobject.c lopcodes.c lparser.c lstate.c lstring.c
ltable.c ltm.c lundump.c lvm.c lzio.c
lauxlib.c lbaselib.c ldblib.c liolib.c lmathlib.c loslib.c
ltablib.c lstrlib.c loadlib.c linit.c
interpreter: library, lua.c
compiler: library, luac.c print.c
If you use Visual Studio .NET, you can use etc/luavs.bat in its
"Command Prompt".
If all you want is to build the Lua interpreter, you may put all .c files
in a single project, except for luac.c and print.c. Or just use etc/all.c.
To use Lua as a library in your own programs, you'll need to know how to
create and use libraries with your compiler.
As mentioned above, you may edit luaconf.h to select some features before
building Lua.
(end of INSTALL)

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# makefile for installing Lua
# see INSTALL for installation instructions
# see src/Makefile and src/luaconf.h for further customization
# == CHANGE THE SETTINGS BELOW TO SUIT YOUR ENVIRONMENT =======================
# Your platform. See PLATS for possible values.
PLAT= none
# Where to install. The installation starts in the src and doc directories,
# so take care if INSTALL_TOP is not an absolute path.
INSTALL_TOP= /usr/local
INSTALL_BIN= $(INSTALL_TOP)/bin
INSTALL_INC= $(INSTALL_TOP)/include
INSTALL_LIB= $(INSTALL_TOP)/lib
INSTALL_MAN= $(INSTALL_TOP)/man/man1
#
# You probably want to make INSTALL_LMOD and INSTALL_CMOD consistent with
# LUA_ROOT, LUA_LDIR, and LUA_CDIR in luaconf.h (and also with etc/lua.pc).
INSTALL_LMOD= $(INSTALL_TOP)/share/lua/$V
INSTALL_CMOD= $(INSTALL_TOP)/lib/lua/$V
# How to install. If your install program does not support "-p", then you
# may have to run ranlib on the installed liblua.a (do "make ranlib").
INSTALL= install -p
INSTALL_EXEC= $(INSTALL) -m 0755
INSTALL_DATA= $(INSTALL) -m 0644
#
# If you don't have install you can use cp instead.
# INSTALL= cp -p
# INSTALL_EXEC= $(INSTALL)
# INSTALL_DATA= $(INSTALL)
# Utilities.
MKDIR= mkdir -p
RANLIB= ranlib
# == END OF USER SETTINGS. NO NEED TO CHANGE ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE =========
# Convenience platforms targets.
PLATS= aix ansi bsd freebsd generic linux macosx mingw posix solaris
# What to install.
TO_BIN= lua luac
TO_INC= lua.h luaconf.h lualib.h lauxlib.h ../etc/lua.hpp
TO_LIB= liblua.a
TO_MAN= lua.1 luac.1
# Lua version and release.
V= 5.1
R= 5.1.5
all: $(PLAT)
$(PLATS) clean:
cd src && $(MAKE) $@
test: dummy
src/lua test/hello.lua
install: dummy
cd src && $(MKDIR) $(INSTALL_BIN) $(INSTALL_INC) $(INSTALL_LIB) $(INSTALL_MAN) $(INSTALL_LMOD) $(INSTALL_CMOD)
cd src && $(INSTALL_EXEC) $(TO_BIN) $(INSTALL_BIN)
cd src && $(INSTALL_DATA) $(TO_INC) $(INSTALL_INC)
cd src && $(INSTALL_DATA) $(TO_LIB) $(INSTALL_LIB)
cd doc && $(INSTALL_DATA) $(TO_MAN) $(INSTALL_MAN)
ranlib:
cd src && cd $(INSTALL_LIB) && $(RANLIB) $(TO_LIB)
local:
$(MAKE) install INSTALL_TOP=..
none:
@echo "Please do"
@echo " make PLATFORM"
@echo "where PLATFORM is one of these:"
@echo " $(PLATS)"
@echo "See INSTALL for complete instructions."
# make may get confused with test/ and INSTALL in a case-insensitive OS
dummy:
# echo config parameters
echo:
@echo ""
@echo "These are the parameters currently set in src/Makefile to build Lua $R:"
@echo ""
@cd src && $(MAKE) -s echo
@echo ""
@echo "These are the parameters currently set in Makefile to install Lua $R:"
@echo ""
@echo "PLAT = $(PLAT)"
@echo "INSTALL_TOP = $(INSTALL_TOP)"
@echo "INSTALL_BIN = $(INSTALL_BIN)"
@echo "INSTALL_INC = $(INSTALL_INC)"
@echo "INSTALL_LIB = $(INSTALL_LIB)"
@echo "INSTALL_MAN = $(INSTALL_MAN)"
@echo "INSTALL_LMOD = $(INSTALL_LMOD)"
@echo "INSTALL_CMOD = $(INSTALL_CMOD)"
@echo "INSTALL_EXEC = $(INSTALL_EXEC)"
@echo "INSTALL_DATA = $(INSTALL_DATA)"
@echo ""
@echo "See also src/luaconf.h ."
@echo ""
# echo private config parameters
pecho:
@echo "V = $(V)"
@echo "R = $(R)"
@echo "TO_BIN = $(TO_BIN)"
@echo "TO_INC = $(TO_INC)"
@echo "TO_LIB = $(TO_LIB)"
@echo "TO_MAN = $(TO_MAN)"
# echo config parameters as Lua code
# uncomment the last sed expression if you want nil instead of empty strings
lecho:
@echo "-- installation parameters for Lua $R"
@echo "VERSION = '$V'"
@echo "RELEASE = '$R'"
@$(MAKE) echo | grep = | sed -e 's/= /= "/' -e 's/$$/"/' #-e 's/""/nil/'
@echo "-- EOF"
# list targets that do not create files (but not all makes understand .PHONY)
.PHONY: all $(PLATS) clean test install local none dummy echo pecho lecho
# (end of Makefile)

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# Cataract - an environment for end-user programming in Lua 5.1
"Enable all people to modify the software they use in the course of using it."
-- https://futureofcoding.org/episodes/033.html
"What if we, and all computer users, could reach in and modify our favorite apps?"
-- https://www.inkandswitch.com/end-user-programming
"Software must be as easy to change as it is to use it"
-- https://malleable.systems
# README for Lua 5.1
* What is Lua?
------------
Lua is a powerful, light-weight programming language designed for extending
applications. Lua is also frequently used as a general-purpose, stand-alone
language. Lua is free software.
For complete information, visit Lua's web site at http://www.lua.org/ .
For an executive summary, see http://www.lua.org/about.html .
Lua has been used in many different projects around the world.
For a short list, see http://www.lua.org/uses.html .
* Availability
------------
Lua is freely available for both academic and commercial purposes.
See COPYRIGHT and http://www.lua.org/license.html for details.
Lua can be downloaded at http://www.lua.org/download.html .
* Installation
------------
Lua is implemented in pure ANSI C, and compiles unmodified in all known
platforms that have an ANSI C compiler. In most Unix-like platforms, simply
do "make" with a suitable target. See INSTALL for detailed instructions.
* Origin
------
Lua is developed at Lua.org, a laboratory of the Department of Computer
Science of PUC-Rio (the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
in Brazil).
For more information about the authors, see http://www.lua.org/authors.html .

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Lua 5.1 Reference Manual - contents</TITLE>
<LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="lua.css">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<STYLE TYPE="text/css">
ul {
list-style-type: none ;
}
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<HR>
<H1>
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/"><IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="" BORDER=0></A>
Lua 5.1 Reference Manual
</H1>
<P>
The reference manual is the official definition of the Lua language.
For a complete introduction to Lua programming, see the book
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/docs.html#pil">Programming in Lua</A>.
<P>
This manual is also available as a book:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<A HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8590379833/lua-indexmanual-20">
<IMG SRC="cover.png" ALT="" TITLE="buy from Amazon" BORDER=1 ALIGN="left" HSPACE=12>
</A>
<B>Lua 5.1 Reference Manual</B>
<BR>by R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes
<BR>Lua.org, August 2006
<BR>ISBN 85-903798-3-3
<BR CLEAR="all">
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8590379833/lua-indexmanual-20">Buy a copy</A>
of this book and
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/donations.html">help to support</A>
the Lua project.
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html">start</A>
&middot;
<A HREF="#contents">contents</A>
&middot;
<A HREF="#index">index</A>
&middot;
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/manual/">other versions</A>
<HR>
<SMALL>
Copyright &copy; 2006&ndash;2012 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
Freely available under the terms of the
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</A>.
</SMALL>
<H2><A NAME="contents">Contents</A></H2>
<UL style="padding: 0">
<LI><A HREF="manual.html">1 &ndash; Introduction</A>
<P>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2">2 &ndash; The Language</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.1">2.1 &ndash; Lexical Conventions</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.2">2.2 &ndash; Values and Types</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.2.1">2.2.1 &ndash; Coercion</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.3">2.3 &ndash; Variables</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4">2.4 &ndash; Statements</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.1">2.4.1 &ndash; Chunks</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.2">2.4.2 &ndash; Blocks</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.3">2.4.3 &ndash; Assignment</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.4">2.4.4 &ndash; Control Structures</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.5">2.4.5 &ndash; For Statement</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.6">2.4.6 &ndash; Function Calls as Statements</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.7">2.4.7 &ndash; Local Declarations</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5">2.5 &ndash; Expressions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.1">2.5.1 &ndash; Arithmetic Operators</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.2">2.5.2 &ndash; Relational Operators</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.3">2.5.3 &ndash; Logical Operators</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.4">2.5.4 &ndash; Concatenation</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.5">2.5.5 &ndash; The Length Operator</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.6">2.5.6 &ndash; Precedence</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.7">2.5.7 &ndash; Table Constructors</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.8">2.5.8 &ndash; Function Calls</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.9">2.5.9 &ndash; Function Definitions</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.6">2.6 &ndash; Visibility Rules</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.7">2.7 &ndash; Error Handling</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.8">2.8 &ndash; Metatables</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.9">2.9 &ndash; Environments</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.10">2.10 &ndash; Garbage Collection</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.10.1">2.10.1 &ndash; Garbage-Collection Metamethods</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.10.2">2.10.2 &ndash; Weak Tables</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.11">2.11 &ndash; Coroutines</A>
</UL>
<P>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3">3 &ndash; The Application Program Interface</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.1">3.1 &ndash; The Stack</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.2">3.2 &ndash; Stack Size</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3">3.3 &ndash; Pseudo-Indices</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4">3.4 &ndash; C Closures</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.5">3.5 &ndash; Registry</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.6">3.6 &ndash; Error Handling in C</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.7">3.7 &ndash; Functions and Types</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.8">3.8 &ndash; The Debug Interface</A>
</UL>
<P>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4">4 &ndash; The Auxiliary Library</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.1">4.1 &ndash; Functions and Types</A>
</UL>
<P>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5">5 &ndash; Standard Libraries</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.1">5.1 &ndash; Basic Functions</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.2">5.2 &ndash; Coroutine Manipulation</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.3">5.3 &ndash; Modules</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.4">5.4 &ndash; String Manipulation</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.4.1">5.4.1 &ndash; Patterns</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.5">5.5 &ndash; Table Manipulation</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.6">5.6 &ndash; Mathematical Functions</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.7">5.7 &ndash; Input and Output Facilities</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.8">5.8 &ndash; Operating System Facilities</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.9">5.9 &ndash; The Debug Library</A>
</UL>
<P>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6">6 &ndash; Lua Stand-alone</A>
<P>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#7">7 &ndash; Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#7.1">7.1 &ndash; Changes in the Language</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#7.2">7.2 &ndash; Changes in the Libraries</A>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#7.3">7.3 &ndash; Changes in the API</A>
</UL>
<P>
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#8">8 &ndash; The Complete Syntax of Lua</A>
</UL>
<H2><A NAME="index">Index</A></H2>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR VALIGN="top">
<TD>
<H3><A NAME="functions">Lua functions</A></H3>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-_G">_G</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-_VERSION">_VERSION</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-assert">assert</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-collectgarbage">collectgarbage</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-dofile">dofile</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-error">error</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-getfenv">getfenv</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-getmetatable">getmetatable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-ipairs">ipairs</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-load">load</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-loadfile">loadfile</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-loadstring">loadstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-module">module</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-next">next</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pairs">pairs</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pcall">pcall</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-print">print</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawequal">rawequal</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawget">rawget</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawset">rawset</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-require">require</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-select">select</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-setfenv">setfenv</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-setmetatable">setmetatable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tonumber">tonumber</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tostring">tostring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-type">type</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-unpack">unpack</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-xpcall">xpcall</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.create">coroutine.create</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.resume">coroutine.resume</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.running">coroutine.running</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.status">coroutine.status</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.wrap">coroutine.wrap</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.yield">coroutine.yield</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.debug">debug.debug</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getfenv">debug.getfenv</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.gethook">debug.gethook</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getinfo">debug.getinfo</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getlocal">debug.getlocal</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getmetatable">debug.getmetatable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getregistry">debug.getregistry</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getupvalue">debug.getupvalue</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setfenv">debug.setfenv</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.sethook">debug.sethook</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setlocal">debug.setlocal</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setmetatable">debug.setmetatable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setupvalue">debug.setupvalue</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.traceback">debug.traceback</A><BR>
</TD>
<TD>
<H3>&nbsp;</H3>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:close">file:close</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:flush">file:flush</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:lines">file:lines</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:read">file:read</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:seek">file:seek</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:setvbuf">file:setvbuf</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:write">file:write</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.close">io.close</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.flush">io.flush</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.input">io.input</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.lines">io.lines</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.open">io.open</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.output">io.output</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.popen">io.popen</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.read">io.read</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stderr">io.stderr</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stdin">io.stdin</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stdout">io.stdout</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.tmpfile">io.tmpfile</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.type">io.type</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.write">io.write</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.abs">math.abs</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.acos">math.acos</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.asin">math.asin</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.atan">math.atan</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.atan2">math.atan2</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.ceil">math.ceil</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.cos">math.cos</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.cosh">math.cosh</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.deg">math.deg</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.exp">math.exp</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.floor">math.floor</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.fmod">math.fmod</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.frexp">math.frexp</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.huge">math.huge</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.ldexp">math.ldexp</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.log">math.log</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.log10">math.log10</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.max">math.max</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.min">math.min</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.modf">math.modf</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.pi">math.pi</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.pow">math.pow</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.rad">math.rad</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.random">math.random</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.randomseed">math.randomseed</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sin">math.sin</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sinh">math.sinh</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sqrt">math.sqrt</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.tan">math.tan</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.tanh">math.tanh</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.clock">os.clock</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.date">os.date</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.difftime">os.difftime</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.execute">os.execute</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.exit">os.exit</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.getenv">os.getenv</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.remove">os.remove</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.rename">os.rename</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.setlocale">os.setlocale</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.time">os.time</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.tmpname">os.tmpname</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.cpath">package.cpath</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.loaded">package.loaded</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.loaders">package.loaders</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.loadlib">package.loadlib</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.path">package.path</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.preload">package.preload</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.seeall">package.seeall</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.byte">string.byte</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.char">string.char</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.dump">string.dump</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.find">string.find</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.format">string.format</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.gmatch">string.gmatch</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.gsub">string.gsub</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.len">string.len</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.lower">string.lower</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.match">string.match</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.rep">string.rep</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.reverse">string.reverse</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.sub">string.sub</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.upper">string.upper</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.concat">table.concat</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.insert">table.insert</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.maxn">table.maxn</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.remove">table.remove</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.sort">table.sort</A><BR>
</TD>
<TD>
<H3>C API</H3>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Alloc">lua_Alloc</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_CFunction">lua_CFunction</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Debug">lua_Debug</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Hook">lua_Hook</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Integer">lua_Integer</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Number">lua_Number</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Reader">lua_Reader</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_State">lua_State</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Writer">lua_Writer</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_atpanic">lua_atpanic</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_call">lua_call</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_checkstack">lua_checkstack</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_close">lua_close</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_concat">lua_concat</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_cpcall">lua_cpcall</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_createtable">lua_createtable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_dump">lua_dump</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_equal">lua_equal</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_error">lua_error</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gc">lua_gc</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getallocf">lua_getallocf</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getfenv">lua_getfenv</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getfield">lua_getfield</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getglobal">lua_getglobal</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethook">lua_gethook</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethookcount">lua_gethookcount</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethookmask">lua_gethookmask</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getinfo">lua_getinfo</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getlocal">lua_getlocal</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getmetatable">lua_getmetatable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getstack">lua_getstack</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gettable">lua_gettable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gettop">lua_gettop</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getupvalue">lua_getupvalue</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_insert">lua_insert</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isboolean">lua_isboolean</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_iscfunction">lua_iscfunction</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isfunction">lua_isfunction</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_islightuserdata">lua_islightuserdata</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnil">lua_isnil</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnone">lua_isnone</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnoneornil">lua_isnoneornil</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnumber">lua_isnumber</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isstring">lua_isstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_istable">lua_istable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isthread">lua_isthread</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isuserdata">lua_isuserdata</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_lessthan">lua_lessthan</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_load">lua_load</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newstate">lua_newstate</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newtable">lua_newtable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newthread">lua_newthread</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newuserdata">lua_newuserdata</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_next">lua_next</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_objlen">lua_objlen</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pcall">lua_pcall</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pop">lua_pop</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushboolean">lua_pushboolean</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushcclosure">lua_pushcclosure</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushcfunction">lua_pushcfunction</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushfstring">lua_pushfstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushinteger">lua_pushinteger</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushlightuserdata">lua_pushlightuserdata</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushliteral">lua_pushliteral</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushlstring">lua_pushlstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushnil">lua_pushnil</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushnumber">lua_pushnumber</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushstring">lua_pushstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushthread">lua_pushthread</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushvalue">lua_pushvalue</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushvfstring">lua_pushvfstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawequal">lua_rawequal</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawget">lua_rawget</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawgeti">lua_rawgeti</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawset">lua_rawset</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawseti">lua_rawseti</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_register">lua_register</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_remove">lua_remove</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_replace">lua_replace</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_resume">lua_resume</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setallocf">lua_setallocf</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setfenv">lua_setfenv</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setfield">lua_setfield</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setglobal">lua_setglobal</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_sethook">lua_sethook</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setlocal">lua_setlocal</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setmetatable">lua_setmetatable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_settable">lua_settable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_settop">lua_settop</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setupvalue">lua_setupvalue</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_status">lua_status</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_toboolean">lua_toboolean</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tocfunction">lua_tocfunction</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tointeger">lua_tointeger</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tolstring">lua_tolstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tonumber">lua_tonumber</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_topointer">lua_topointer</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tostring">lua_tostring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tothread">lua_tothread</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_touserdata">lua_touserdata</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_type">lua_type</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_typename">lua_typename</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_upvalueindex">lua_upvalueindex</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_xmove">lua_xmove</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_yield">lua_yield</A><BR>
</TD>
<TD>
<H3>auxiliary library</H3>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_Buffer">luaL_Buffer</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_Reg">luaL_Reg</A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addchar">luaL_addchar</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addlstring">luaL_addlstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addsize">luaL_addsize</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addstring">luaL_addstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addvalue">luaL_addvalue</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_argcheck">luaL_argcheck</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_argerror">luaL_argerror</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_buffinit">luaL_buffinit</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_callmeta">luaL_callmeta</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkany">luaL_checkany</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkint">luaL_checkint</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkinteger">luaL_checkinteger</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checklong">luaL_checklong</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checklstring">luaL_checklstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checknumber">luaL_checknumber</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkoption">luaL_checkoption</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkstack">luaL_checkstack</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkstring">luaL_checkstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checktype">luaL_checktype</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkudata">luaL_checkudata</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_dofile">luaL_dofile</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_dostring">luaL_dostring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_error">luaL_error</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_getmetafield">luaL_getmetafield</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_getmetatable">luaL_getmetatable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_gsub">luaL_gsub</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadbuffer">luaL_loadbuffer</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadfile">luaL_loadfile</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadstring">luaL_loadstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newmetatable">luaL_newmetatable</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newstate">luaL_newstate</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_openlibs">luaL_openlibs</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optint">luaL_optint</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optinteger">luaL_optinteger</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optlong">luaL_optlong</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optlstring">luaL_optlstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optnumber">luaL_optnumber</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optstring">luaL_optstring</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_prepbuffer">luaL_prepbuffer</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_pushresult">luaL_pushresult</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_ref">luaL_ref</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_register">luaL_register</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_typename">luaL_typename</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_typerror">luaL_typerror</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_unref">luaL_unref</A><BR>
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_where">luaL_where</A><BR>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<P>
<HR>
<SMALL CLASS="footer">
Last update:
Mon Feb 13 18:53:32 BRST 2012
</SMALL>
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Last change: revised for Lua 5.1.5
-->
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.\" $Id: lua.man,v 1.11 2006/01/06 16:03:34 lhf Exp $
.TH LUA 1 "$Date: 2006/01/06 16:03:34 $"
.SH NAME
lua \- Lua interpreter
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B lua
[
.I options
]
[
.I script
[
.I args
]
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B lua
is the stand-alone Lua interpreter.
It loads and executes Lua programs,
either in textual source form or
in precompiled binary form.
(Precompiled binaries are output by
.BR luac ,
the Lua compiler.)
.B lua
can be used as a batch interpreter and also interactively.
.LP
The given
.I options
(see below)
are executed and then
the Lua program in file
.I script
is loaded and executed.
The given
.I args
are available to
.I script
as strings in a global table named
.BR arg .
If these arguments contain spaces or other characters special to the shell,
then they should be quoted
(but note that the quotes will be removed by the shell).
The arguments in
.B arg
start at 0,
which contains the string
.RI ' script '.
The index of the last argument is stored in
.BR arg.n .
The arguments given in the command line before
.IR script ,
including the name of the interpreter,
are available in negative indices in
.BR arg .
.LP
At the very start,
before even handling the command line,
.B lua
executes the contents of the environment variable
.BR LUA_INIT ,
if it is defined.
If the value of
.B LUA_INIT
is of the form
.RI '@ filename ',
then
.I filename
is executed.
Otherwise, the string is assumed to be a Lua statement and is executed.
.LP
Options start with
.B '\-'
and are described below.
You can use
.B "'\--'"
to signal the end of options.
.LP
If no arguments are given,
then
.B "\-v \-i"
is assumed when the standard input is a terminal;
otherwise,
.B "\-"
is assumed.
.LP
In interactive mode,
.B lua
prompts the user,
reads lines from the standard input,
and executes them as they are read.
If a line does not contain a complete statement,
then a secondary prompt is displayed and
lines are read until a complete statement is formed or
a syntax error is found.
So, one way to interrupt the reading of an incomplete statement is
to force a syntax error:
adding a
.B ';'
in the middle of a statement is a sure way of forcing a syntax error
(except inside multiline strings and comments; these must be closed explicitly).
If a line starts with
.BR '=' ,
then
.B lua
displays the values of all the expressions in the remainder of the
line. The expressions must be separated by commas.
The primary prompt is the value of the global variable
.BR _PROMPT ,
if this value is a string;
otherwise, the default prompt is used.
Similarly, the secondary prompt is the value of the global variable
.BR _PROMPT2 .
So,
to change the prompts,
set the corresponding variable to a string of your choice.
You can do that after calling the interpreter
or on the command line
(but in this case you have to be careful with quotes
if the prompt string contains a space; otherwise you may confuse the shell.)
The default prompts are "> " and ">> ".
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.B \-
load and execute the standard input as a file,
that is,
not interactively,
even when the standard input is a terminal.
.TP
.BI \-e " stat"
execute statement
.IR stat .
You need to quote
.I stat
if it contains spaces, quotes,
or other characters special to the shell.
.TP
.B \-i
enter interactive mode after
.I script
is executed.
.TP
.BI \-l " name"
call
.BI require(' name ')
before executing
.IR script .
Typically used to load libraries.
.TP
.B \-v
show version information.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR luac (1)
.br
http://www.lua.org/
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
Error messages should be self explanatory.
.SH AUTHORS
R. Ierusalimschy,
L. H. de Figueiredo,
and
W. Celes
.\" EOF

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<!-- $Id: lua.man,v 1.11 2006/01/06 16:03:34 lhf Exp $ -->
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>LUA man page</TITLE>
<LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="lua.css">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">
<H2>NAME</H2>
lua - Lua interpreter
<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
<B>lua</B>
[
<I>options</I>
]
[
<I>script</I>
[
<I>args</I>
]
]
<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
<B>lua</B>
is the stand-alone Lua interpreter.
It loads and executes Lua programs,
either in textual source form or
in precompiled binary form.
(Precompiled binaries are output by
<B>luac</B>,
the Lua compiler.)
<B>lua</B>
can be used as a batch interpreter and also interactively.
<P>
The given
<I>options</I>
(see below)
are executed and then
the Lua program in file
<I>script</I>
is loaded and executed.
The given
<I>args</I>
are available to
<I>script</I>
as strings in a global table named
<B>arg</B>.
If these arguments contain spaces or other characters special to the shell,
then they should be quoted
(but note that the quotes will be removed by the shell).
The arguments in
<B>arg</B>
start at 0,
which contains the string
'<I>script</I>'.
The index of the last argument is stored in
<B>arg.n</B>.
The arguments given in the command line before
<I>script</I>,
including the name of the interpreter,
are available in negative indices in
<B>arg</B>.
<P>
At the very start,
before even handling the command line,
<B>lua</B>
executes the contents of the environment variable
<B>LUA_INIT</B>,
if it is defined.
If the value of
<B>LUA_INIT</B>
is of the form
'@<I>filename</I>',
then
<I>filename</I>
is executed.
Otherwise, the string is assumed to be a Lua statement and is executed.
<P>
Options start with
<B>'-'</B>
and are described below.
You can use
<B>'--'</B>
to signal the end of options.
<P>
If no arguments are given,
then
<B>"-v -i"</B>
is assumed when the standard input is a terminal;
otherwise,
<B>"-"</B>
is assumed.
<P>
In interactive mode,
<B>lua</B>
prompts the user,
reads lines from the standard input,
and executes them as they are read.
If a line does not contain a complete statement,
then a secondary prompt is displayed and
lines are read until a complete statement is formed or
a syntax error is found.
So, one way to interrupt the reading of an incomplete statement is
to force a syntax error:
adding a
<B>';'</B>
in the middle of a statement is a sure way of forcing a syntax error
(except inside multiline strings and comments; these must be closed explicitly).
If a line starts with
<B>'='</B>,
then
<B>lua</B>
displays the values of all the expressions in the remainder of the
line. The expressions must be separated by commas.
The primary prompt is the value of the global variable
<B>_PROMPT</B>,
if this value is a string;
otherwise, the default prompt is used.
Similarly, the secondary prompt is the value of the global variable
<B>_PROMPT2</B>.
So,
to change the prompts,
set the corresponding variable to a string of your choice.
You can do that after calling the interpreter
or on the command line
(but in this case you have to be careful with quotes
if the prompt string contains a space; otherwise you may confuse the shell.)
The default prompts are "&gt; " and "&gt;&gt; ".
<H2>OPTIONS</H2>
<P>
<B>-</B>
load and execute the standard input as a file,
that is,
not interactively,
even when the standard input is a terminal.
<P>
<B>-e </B><I>stat</I>
execute statement
<I>stat</I>.
You need to quote
<I>stat </I>
if it contains spaces, quotes,
or other characters special to the shell.
<P>
<B>-i</B>
enter interactive mode after
<I>script</I>
is executed.
<P>
<B>-l </B><I>name</I>
call
<B>require</B>('<I>name</I>')
before executing
<I>script</I>.
Typically used to load libraries.
<P>
<B>-v</B>
show version information.
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
<B>luac</B>(1)
<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/">http://www.lua.org/</A>
<H2>DIAGNOSTICS</H2>
Error messages should be self explanatory.
<H2>AUTHORS</H2>
R. Ierusalimschy,
L. H. de Figueiredo,
and
W. Celes
<!-- EOF -->
</BODY>
</HTML>

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.\" $Id: luac.man,v 1.28 2006/01/06 16:03:34 lhf Exp $
.TH LUAC 1 "$Date: 2006/01/06 16:03:34 $"
.SH NAME
luac \- Lua compiler
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B luac
[
.I options
] [
.I filenames
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B luac
is the Lua compiler.
It translates programs written in the Lua programming language
into binary files that can be later loaded and executed.
.LP
The main advantages of precompiling chunks are:
faster loading,
protecting source code from accidental user changes,
and
off-line syntax checking.
.LP
Pre-compiling does not imply faster execution
because in Lua chunks are always compiled into bytecodes before being executed.
.B luac
simply allows those bytecodes to be saved in a file for later execution.
.LP
Pre-compiled chunks are not necessarily smaller than the corresponding source.
The main goal in pre-compiling is faster loading.
.LP
The binary files created by
.B luac
are portable only among architectures with the same word size and byte order.
.LP
.B luac
produces a single output file containing the bytecodes
for all source files given.
By default,
the output file is named
.BR luac.out ,
but you can change this with the
.B \-o
option.
.LP
In the command line,
you can mix
text files containing Lua source and
binary files containing precompiled chunks.
This is useful to combine several precompiled chunks,
even from different (but compatible) platforms,
into a single precompiled chunk.
.LP
You can use
.B "'\-'"
to indicate the standard input as a source file
and