diff --git a/src/Benchmark.cpp b/src/Benchmark.cpp
index 8e2a3e553..e333b046e 100644
--- a/src/Benchmark.cpp
+++ b/src/Benchmark.cpp
@@ -429,8 +429,11 @@ void BenchmarkDialog::OnRun( wxCommandEvent & WXUNUSED(event))
       if (mEditDetail)
          Printf(wxT("Cut: %d - %d \n"), x0 * chunkSize, (x0 + xlen) * chunkSize);
 
-      auto tmp = t->Cut(double (x0 * chunkSize), double ((x0 + xlen) * chunkSize));
-      if (!tmp) {
+      Track::Holder tmp;
+      try {
+         tmp = t->Cut(double (x0 * chunkSize), double ((x0 + xlen) * chunkSize));
+      }
+      catch (const AudacityException&) {
          Printf(wxT("Trial %d\n"), z);
          Printf(wxT("Cut (%d, %d) failed.\n"), (x0 * chunkSize),
                 (x0 + xlen) * chunkSize);
diff --git a/src/LabelTrack.cpp b/src/LabelTrack.cpp
index e3cfd720f..a01cfdd2d 100644
--- a/src/LabelTrack.cpp
+++ b/src/LabelTrack.cpp
@@ -2339,10 +2339,10 @@ bool LabelTrack::Save(wxTextFile * out, bool overwrite)
 Track::Holder LabelTrack::Cut(double t0, double t1)
 {
    auto tmp = Copy(t0, t1);
-   if (!tmp)
-      return{};
+
    if (!Clear(t0, t1))
-      return{};
+      //THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
 
    return tmp;
 }
@@ -2353,8 +2353,7 @@ Track::Holder LabelTrack::SplitCut(double t0, double t1)
    // SplitCut() == Copy() + SplitDelete()
 
    Track::Holder tmp = Copy(t0, t1);
-   if (!tmp)
-      return {};
+
    if (!SplitDelete(t0, t1))
       return {};
 
diff --git a/src/Menus.cpp b/src/Menus.cpp
index 4f9a345a3..9d7a4178d 100644
--- a/src/Menus.cpp
+++ b/src/Menus.cpp
@@ -4177,8 +4177,7 @@ void AudacityProject::OnCut()
             dest = n->Copy(mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t0(),
                     mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t1());
 
-         if (dest)
-            FinishCopy(n, std::move(dest), newClipboard);
+         FinishCopy(n, std::move(dest), newClipboard);
       }
       n = iter.Next();
    }
@@ -4309,8 +4308,7 @@ void AudacityProject::OnCopy()
       if (n->GetSelected()) {
          auto dest = n->Copy(mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t0(),
                  mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t1());
-         if (dest)
-            FinishCopy(n, std::move(dest), newClipboard);
+         FinishCopy(n, std::move(dest), newClipboard);
       }
       n = iter.Next();
    }
@@ -4914,11 +4912,9 @@ void AudacityProject::OnDuplicate()
          // Make copies not for clipboard but for direct addition to the project
          auto dest = n->Copy(mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t0(),
                  mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t1(), false);
-         if (dest) {
-            dest->Init(*n);
-            dest->SetOffset(wxMax(mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t0(), n->GetOffset()));
-            mTracks->Add(std::move(dest));
-         }
+         dest->Init(*n);
+         dest->SetOffset(wxMax(mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t0(), n->GetOffset()));
+         mTracks->Add(std::move(dest));
       }
 
       if (n == l) {
@@ -5129,22 +5125,19 @@ void AudacityProject::OnSplit()
          double sel0 = mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t0();
          double sel1 = mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t1();
 
-         dest = NULL;
-         n->Copy(sel0, sel1, &dest);
-         if (dest) {
-            dest->Init(*n);
-            dest->SetOffset(wxMax(sel0, n->GetOffset()));
+         dest = n->Copy(sel0, sel1);
+         dest->Init(*n);
+         dest->SetOffset(wxMax(sel0, n->GetOffset()));
 
-            if (sel1 >= n->GetEndTime())
-               n->Clear(sel0, sel1);
-            else if (sel0 <= n->GetOffset()) {
-               n->Clear(sel0, sel1);
-               n->SetOffset(sel1);
-            } else
-               n->Silence(sel0, sel1);
+         if (sel1 >= n->GetEndTime())
+            n->Clear(sel0, sel1);
+         else if (sel0 <= n->GetOffset()) {
+            n->Clear(sel0, sel1);
+            n->SetOffset(sel1);
+         } else
+            n->Silence(sel0, sel1);
 
-            newTracks.Add(dest);
-         }
+         newTracks.Add(dest);
       }
       n = iter.Next();
    }
@@ -5190,10 +5183,8 @@ void AudacityProject::OnSplitNew()
                    mViewInfo.selectedRegion.t1());
          }
 #endif
-         if (dest) {
-            dest->SetOffset(wxMax(newt0, offset));
-            FinishCopy(n, std::move(dest), *mTracks);
-         }
+         dest->SetOffset(wxMax(newt0, offset));
+         FinishCopy(n, std::move(dest), *mTracks);
       }
 
       if (n == l) {
diff --git a/src/NoteTrack.cpp b/src/NoteTrack.cpp
index 2b78d28da..637a614be 100644
--- a/src/NoteTrack.cpp
+++ b/src/NoteTrack.cpp
@@ -435,7 +435,8 @@ int NoteTrack::GetVisibleChannels()
 Track::Holder NoteTrack::Cut(double t0, double t1)
 {
    if (t1 <= t0)
-      return{};
+      //THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
    double len = t1-t0;
 
    auto newTrack = std::make_unique<NoteTrack>(mDirManager);
@@ -457,7 +458,8 @@ Track::Holder NoteTrack::Cut(double t0, double t1)
 Track::Holder NoteTrack::Copy(double t0, double t1, bool) const
 {
    if (t1 <= t0)
-      return{};
+      //THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
    double len = t1-t0;
 
    auto newTrack = std::make_unique<NoteTrack>(mDirManager);
diff --git a/src/Sequence.cpp b/src/Sequence.cpp
index 34ced8a4b..5058573ed 100644
--- a/src/Sequence.cpp
+++ b/src/Sequence.cpp
@@ -438,7 +438,8 @@ std::unique_ptr<Sequence> Sequence::Copy(sampleCount s0, sampleCount s1) const
    }
 
    if (! ConsistencyCheck(wxT("Sequence::Copy()")))
-      return {};
+      //THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
 
    return dest;
 }
diff --git a/src/Track.cpp b/src/Track.cpp
index 2978489c0..7b0e5512a 100644
--- a/src/Track.cpp
+++ b/src/Track.cpp
@@ -309,7 +309,6 @@ bool Track::SyncLockAdjust(double oldT1, double newT1)
          return true;
 
       auto tmp = Cut(oldT1, GetEndTime());
-      if (!tmp) return false;
 
       bool ret = Paste(newT1, tmp.get());
       wxASSERT(ret); // TODO: handle this.
diff --git a/src/WaveTrack.cpp b/src/WaveTrack.cpp
index 76463ca6f..040c14ca8 100644
--- a/src/WaveTrack.cpp
+++ b/src/WaveTrack.cpp
@@ -532,15 +532,14 @@ bool WaveTrack::IsEmpty(double t0, double t1) const
 Track::Holder WaveTrack::Cut(double t0, double t1)
 {
    if (t1 < t0)
-      return{};
+      // THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
 
    auto tmp = Copy(t0, t1);
 
-   if (!tmp)
-      return{};
-
    if (!Clear(t0, t1))
-      return{};
+      // THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
 
    return tmp;
 }
@@ -548,14 +547,15 @@ Track::Holder WaveTrack::Cut(double t0, double t1)
 Track::Holder WaveTrack::SplitCut(double t0, double t1)
 {
    if (t1 < t0)
-      return{};
+      //THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
 
    // SplitCut is the same as 'Copy', then 'SplitDelete'
    auto tmp = Copy(t0, t1);
-   if (!tmp)
-      return{};
+
    if (!SplitDelete(t0, t1))
-      return{};
+      //THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
 
    return tmp;
 }
@@ -564,14 +564,15 @@ Track::Holder WaveTrack::SplitCut(double t0, double t1)
 Track::Holder WaveTrack::CutAndAddCutLine(double t0, double t1)
 {
    if (t1 < t0)
-      return {};
+      //THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
 
    // Cut is the same as 'Copy', then 'Delete'
    auto tmp = Copy(t0, t1);
-   if (!tmp)
-      return {};
+
    if (!ClearAndAddCutLine(t0, t1))
-      return {};
+      //THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
 
    return tmp;
 }
@@ -636,7 +637,8 @@ bool WaveTrack::Trim (double t0, double t1)
 Track::Holder WaveTrack::Copy(double t0, double t1, bool forClipboard) const
 {
    if (t1 <= t0)
-      return{};
+      //THROW_INCONSISTENCY_EXCEPTION
+      ;
 
    WaveTrack *newTrack;
    Track::Holder result
@@ -1166,8 +1168,6 @@ bool WaveTrack::SyncLockAdjust(double oldT1, double newT1)
          gPrefs->Read(wxT("/GUI/EditClipCanMove"), &clipsCanMove);
          if (clipsCanMove) {
             auto tmp = Cut (oldT1, GetEndTime() + 1.0/GetRate());
-            if (!tmp)
-               return false;
 
             ret = Paste(newT1, tmp.get());
             wxASSERT(ret);
diff --git a/src/effects/Equalization.cpp b/src/effects/Equalization.cpp
index 954f733fb..6adc84ebf 100644
--- a/src/effects/Equalization.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/Equalization.cpp
@@ -1173,20 +1173,17 @@ bool EffectEqualization::ProcessOne(int count, WaveTrack * t,
          //remove the old audio and get the NEW
          t->Clear(clipStartEndTimes[i].first,clipStartEndTimes[i].second);
          auto toClipOutput = output->Copy(clipStartEndTimes[i].first-startT+offsetT0,clipStartEndTimes[i].second-startT+offsetT0);
-         if(toClipOutput)
-         {
-            //put the processed audio in
-            bool bResult = t->Paste(clipStartEndTimes[i].first, toClipOutput.get());
-            wxASSERT(bResult); // TO DO: Actually handle this.
-            wxUnusedVar(bResult);
-            //if the clip was only partially selected, the Paste will have created a split line.  Join is needed to take care of this
-            //This is not true when the selection is fully contained within one clip (second half of conditional)
-            if( (clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first  != clipStartEndTimes[i].first ||
-               clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second != clipStartEndTimes[i].second) &&
-               !(clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first <= startT &&
-               clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second >= startT+lenT) )
-               t->Join(clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first,clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second);
-         }
+         //put the processed audio in
+         bool bResult = t->Paste(clipStartEndTimes[i].first, toClipOutput.get());
+         wxASSERT(bResult); // TO DO: Actually handle this.
+         wxUnusedVar(bResult);
+         //if the clip was only partially selected, the Paste will have created a split line.  Join is needed to take care of this
+         //This is not true when the selection is fully contained within one clip (second half of conditional)
+         if( (clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first  != clipStartEndTimes[i].first ||
+            clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second != clipStartEndTimes[i].second) &&
+            !(clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first <= startT &&
+            clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second >= startT+lenT) )
+            t->Join(clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first,clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second);
       }
    }
 
diff --git a/src/effects/Equalization48x.cpp b/src/effects/Equalization48x.cpp
index 0a6c2170c..6e5ced834 100644
--- a/src/effects/Equalization48x.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/Equalization48x.cpp
@@ -558,19 +558,16 @@ bool EffectEqualization48x::ProcessTail(WaveTrack * t, WaveTrack * output, sampl
       t->Clear(clipStartEndTimes[i].first,clipStartEndTimes[i].second);
       //         output->Copy(clipStartEndTimes[i].first-startT+offsetT0,clipStartEndTimes[i].second-startT+offsetT0, &toClipOutput);
       auto toClipOutput = output->Copy(clipStartEndTimes[i].first-startT, clipStartEndTimes[i].second-startT);
-      if(toClipOutput)
-      {
-         //put the processed audio in
-         bool bResult = t->Paste(clipStartEndTimes[i].first, toClipOutput.get());
-         wxASSERT(bResult); // TO DO: Actually handle this.
-         //if the clip was only partially selected, the Paste will have created a split line.  Join is needed to take care of this
-         //This is not true when the selection is fully contained within one clip (second half of conditional)
-         if( (clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first  != clipStartEndTimes[i].first || 
-            clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second != clipStartEndTimes[i].second) &&
-            !(clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first <= startT &&  
-            clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second >= startT+lenT) )
-            t->Join(clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first,clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second);
-      }
+      //put the processed audio in
+      bool bResult = t->Paste(clipStartEndTimes[i].first, toClipOutput.get());
+      wxASSERT(bResult); // TO DO: Actually handle this.
+      //if the clip was only partially selected, the Paste will have created a split line.  Join is needed to take care of this
+      //This is not true when the selection is fully contained within one clip (second half of conditional)
+      if( (clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first  != clipStartEndTimes[i].first || 
+         clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second != clipStartEndTimes[i].second) &&
+         !(clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first <= startT &&  
+         clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second >= startT+lenT) )
+         t->Join(clipRealStartEndTimes[i].first,clipRealStartEndTimes[i].second);
    }
    return true;
 }