Exercise 4.28: The actual-value call is necessary in the case where the procedure to be applied is itself returned from another procudure. Contrived example: (define (choose-proc p1 p2) p1) (define (f x) (+ x 1)) (define (g x) (+ x 4)) ((choose-proc f g) 3) Without the force-it call, we would have a thunk in the first position of the expression, which would not work.